實(shí)驗(yàn)室目標(biāo)和宗旨
周曉林教授領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的腦與語言認(rèn)知實(shí)驗(yàn)室力圖揭示人類自然語言加工的認(rèn)知與神經(jīng)機(jī)制。當(dāng)前實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究的問題是漢語句子與段落加工的認(rèn)知表征與神經(jīng)過程,涉及到漢語的句法、語義、語用和韻律信息如何被加工和利用,以及它們之間相互作用的機(jī)制。我們試圖從行為和神經(jīng)層面,揭示各種語言學(xué)現(xiàn)象背后的心理與神經(jīng)現(xiàn)實(shí)性,同時探討語言加工系統(tǒng)與其他高級認(rèn)知加工系統(tǒng),比如與執(zhí)行功能以及與社會認(rèn)知之間的關(guān)系。
研究手段和技術(shù)路線
1. 眼球運(yùn)動追蹤(Eye-tracking)——對文本閱讀中的眼動控制進(jìn)行記錄,除常規(guī)記錄外,還采用更先進(jìn)的“邊界范式”進(jìn)行精確的信息控制。后者的特點(diǎn)是計(jì)算機(jī)會根據(jù)被試加工信息的狀況,及時改變呈現(xiàn)在屏幕上的刺激。該技術(shù)能較好地模擬自然狀態(tài)的閱讀過程;
2. 事件相關(guān)電位(ERP)——在頭皮表面記錄被試對呈現(xiàn)刺激的腦電活動反應(yīng),該技術(shù)有較高的時間分辨率,較好地反映語言加工過程的時間進(jìn)程;
3. 功能核磁共振成像(fMRI)——記錄被試在刺激呈現(xiàn)時大腦血氧水平的變化,該技術(shù)有較高的空間分辨率,能較精確地定位語言活動腦區(qū)。
當(dāng)前研究內(nèi)容
1) 漢語不同層級語言結(jié)構(gòu)的句法和語義加工
人類與高級靈長類動物在語言能力上的核心差異在于是否具有加工復(fù)雜、層級化結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。人類在進(jìn)化的過程中發(fā)展出遞歸的能力來對復(fù)雜短語結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行加工,因而在種系發(fā)生的過程中,人類的大腦也相應(yīng)發(fā)展出新皮層來負(fù)責(zé)這一重要的語言功能。我們試圖從神經(jīng)層面回答:不同層級(單層級vs多層級)句法結(jié)構(gòu)加工背后的神經(jīng)活動以及功能定位是否不同?不同層級句法水平上的語義整合是否表現(xiàn)出不同的認(rèn)知與神經(jīng)機(jī)制?高低層級句法水平上的語義整合過程之間如何發(fā)生交互作用?
2) 語言理解與執(zhí)行功能的關(guān)系
人類在面臨沖突情境時會動用高級執(zhí)行功能(比如抑制、更新和監(jiān)控機(jī)制)來解決這一沖突。我們關(guān)心在語言理解的任務(wù)中,當(dāng)句法信息與語義信息之間,預(yù)期與整合通路之間,語義與韻律線索之間產(chǎn)生沖突的時候,人們是動用領(lǐng)域一般性的(general)還是語言特異性的(specific)執(zhí)行功能來解決沖突?在執(zhí)行功能任務(wù)中表現(xiàn)出行為差異的被試在理解包含沖突信息的句子時是否表現(xiàn)出不同的神經(jīng)過程?人們在解決不同類型的語言沖突時,在多大程度上采用相同或不同的神經(jīng)機(jī)制?
3) 漢語韻律節(jié)奏模式的加工
節(jié)奏模式來源于輕重音的交替。漢語的節(jié)奏模式變化體現(xiàn)為音段長短的排列。節(jié)奏模式在漢語中有著很重要的地位。首先,節(jié)奏模式限制了漢語的構(gòu)詞、構(gòu)語。其次,節(jié)奏模式也是展現(xiàn)語言表現(xiàn)力的關(guān)鍵。我們常常在自然言語中運(yùn)用音段長短的對立、以及周期性有規(guī)律的序列來構(gòu)成語言的抑揚(yáng)頓挫,甚至表達(dá)某種結(jié)構(gòu)或語義關(guān)系。我們關(guān)心中國人在加工韻律節(jié)奏時表現(xiàn)出怎么樣的神經(jīng)過程?以及韻律節(jié)奏模式的加工如何與語義和句法過程加工之間進(jìn)行交互作用?
4) 語義焦點(diǎn)與語義轄域(semantic scope)的加工
人類語言交際最重要的功能之一就是通過一系列外部線索獲得話語的精確含義。在說話過程中,說話人往往需要突出一些重要的信息,隱藏另一些不重要的信息;在理解說話的過程中,理解者往往需要利用一系列的外部線索(比如焦點(diǎn)線索),來保持和說話人有關(guān)重要信息的一致性。運(yùn)用焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)在實(shí)際的語用中能夠更好地引起聽者的注意,使聽者能夠迅速了解說話者想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分,從而高效地傳達(dá)說話者想要傳達(dá)的信息。語義焦點(diǎn)的兩個最重要的語義特征是“反預(yù)期”和“語用尺度”,分別反映了人類語言交際中的強(qiáng)調(diào)功能和預(yù)設(shè)功能。我們關(guān)心漢語中語義焦點(diǎn)信息如何影響句子理解過程?反預(yù)期和預(yù)期的神經(jīng)機(jī)制是否相同?語用尺度如何在神經(jīng)活動上進(jìn)行表征?漢語和印歐語最大的差異在于其缺乏形態(tài)標(biāo)記的句法信息,漢語句子成分間通過約束和管轄方式進(jìn)行聯(lián)系(語義轄域范疇),包括全稱量詞、動詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞、否定詞等對漢語句子特定成分的語義約束和管轄,我們關(guān)心人們在加工語義轄域與詞匯語義制約關(guān)系時有什么樣不同的神經(jīng)機(jī)制?動詞因果性或反身性是否會影響指代歧義消解的加工?邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞和否定信息如何促進(jìn)或者阻礙句子語義表征的建立?
5) 語言理解過程中情緒和社會信息的加工
為了促進(jìn)人與人之間的交流、實(shí)現(xiàn)有效的溝通,人們在話語中通過韻律或修辭來傳遞情感信息,并達(dá)到一定的語用效果。在人際溝通的過程中,會話參與者本身的特點(diǎn)、會話的場合和共有知識都會影響聽話人的言語理解和說話人的言語產(chǎn)生。情緒和社會信息都是語言核心系統(tǒng)外部的重要變量(又被稱為語用信息),我們關(guān)心不同類型的語用信息在神經(jīng)活動上如何表征?當(dāng)語用信息與句法或語義信息不一致時,有什么樣的認(rèn)知和神經(jīng)過程參與?
6) 漢語閱讀文本過程中的眼動控制機(jī)制
在自然語言理解中,印歐語閱讀者利用詞匯邊界對文本進(jìn)行切分,而漢語與其他語言最大的不同在于詞匯之間沒有邊界,我們關(guān)心中文讀者是否在缺乏明顯詞邊界的線索時仍然選擇詞匯單元來進(jìn)行眼跳?前視野閱讀是指信息在關(guān)鍵詞的前一個詞匯單元上得到部分的預(yù)加工,我們關(guān)心中文讀者是否在前視野中加工語義信息?韻律邊界的切分是否會影響前視野中語義信息的獲得?以及其他類型的語義信息(包括邏輯語義運(yùn)算)是否能夠在前視野中得到加工?
實(shí)驗(yàn)室科研隊(duì)伍
博士后:閻鳴
博士生:葉錚、蔣曉鳴、羅穎藝、邱寅晨(東南)
碩士生:張洋、李曉倩
本科生:李奕、諸夢妍、于宏波、龔蘭蘊(yùn)
以往成員:張亞旭、莊捷、曲延軒、曾飚、賽曉光、瑪依拉·亞克甫、沙淑穎、李戀敬、彭曉哲、易莉、潭瀅瀅、李嘉
主要研究成果
Luo, Y. & Zhou, X. (submitted). ERP evidence for the online processing of rhythmic pattern during Chinese sentence reading.
Yan, M., Kliegl, R., Shu, H., Pan, J., & Zhou, X. (submitted). Parafoveal load of word n+1 modulates preprocessing of word n+2.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (in press). Pseudohomophone effects in processing Chinese compound words. Language and Cognitive Processes.
Ye, Z., & Zhou, X. (2009). Executive control in language processing. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews.
Jiang, X., Tan, Y., & Zhou, X. (2009). Processing the universal quantifier during sentence comprehension: ERP evidence. Neuropsychologia.
Jiang, X., & Zhou, X. (2009). Processing different levels of syntactic hierarchy: an ERP study on Chinese. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1282-1293.
Ye, Z., & Zhou, X. (2008). Involvement of cognitive control in sentence comprehension: Evidence from ERPs, Brain Research, 1203, 103-115.
Meng, X., Tian, X., Shu, H., Jian, J., & Zhou, X. (2008). ERP correlates of the development of orthographical and phonological processing during Chinese sentence reading. Brain Research, 1219, 91-102.
Ye, Z., Zhan, W., & Zhou, X. (2007). The semantic processing of syntactic structure in sentence comprehension: An ERP study. Brain Research, 1142, 135-145.
Meng, X., Tian X., Jian, J., & Zhou, X. (2007). Orthographic and phonological processing in Chinese dyslexic children: An ERP study on sentence reading. Brain Research, 1179, 119-130.
Ye, Z., Luo, Y.-J., Friederici, A. D., & Zhou, X. (2006). Semantic and syntactic processing in Chinese sentence comprehension: Evidence from event-related potentials. Brain Research, 1071, 186-196.
Meng, X., Sai, X., Wang, C., Wang, J., Sha, S., & Zhou, X. (2005). Auditory and speech processing and reading development in Chinese school children: Behavioural and ERP evidence. Dyslexia, 11, 292–310.
Grabe, E., Rosner, B. S., Garcia-Albea, J. E., & Zhou, X. (2003). Perception of English intonation by English, Spanish, and Chinese listeners. Language & Speech, 46, 375-401.
Zhou, X. (2002). Processing Chinese Words and Characters. In Stiftung Lesen (Ed.), Gutenbergs Folgen (pp. 215- 237). Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgeellschaft.
Zhou, X. & Marslen-Wilson, W. (2000). The relative time course of semantic and phonological activation in reading Chinese. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26,1245-1265.
Zhou, X. & Marslen-Wilson, W. (2000). Lexical representation of compound words: Cross-linguistic evidence. Psychologia, 43, 47-66.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1999). The nature of sublexical processing in reading Chinese characters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 819-837.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1999). Phonology, orthography, and lexical semantic activation in reading Chinese. Journal of Memory and Language, 41, 579-606.
Zhou, X., Marslen-Wilson, W., Taft, M., & Shu, H. (1999). Morphology, orthography, and phonology in reading Chinese. Language and Cognitive Processes, 14, 525-565.
Marslen-Wilson, W., & Zhou, X. (1999). Abstractness, allomorphy, and lexical architecture. Language and Cognitive Processes, 14, 321-352.
Wu, N., Shu, H., & Zhou, X. (1999). The nature and development of sublexical processing in reading Chinese. Language and Cognitive Processes, 14, 503-524.
Chen H.-C. & Zhou, X. (1999). Processing East Asian Languages. Special issue of Language and Cognitive Processes, Psychological Press.
Zhou, X., Shu, H., Bi, Y., & Sh-i, D. (1999). Is there phonologically mediated access to lexical semantics in reading Chinese? In J. Wang, A. Inhoff, & H.-C. Chen (Eds.) Reading Chinese script: A cognitive analysis (pp. 135-172). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum。
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1999). Sublexical processing in reading Chinese characters. In J. Wang, A. Inhoff, & H.-C. Chen (Eds.) Reading Chinese script: A cognitive analysis (pp. 37-64). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1997). Spread of activation in the mental lexicon. In M. G. Shafto, & P. Langley (eds.), Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp.838-843). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1997). Sublexical processing in reading Chinese. In M. G. Shafto, & P. Langley (eds.), Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp.832-837). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Marslen-Wilson, W., M. Ford., & Zhou, X. (1997). Modality-specific lexical access? In M. G. Shafto, & P. Langley (eds.), Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp.490-495). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1997). The abstractness of phonological representation in the Chinese mental lexicon. In H.-C. Chen (Ed). Cognitive Processing of Chinese and other Asian languages (pp. 3-26), Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
Marslen-Wilson, W., Zhou, X., & Ford, M. (1996). Modularity, morphology, and cognitive architecture. Yearbook of Morphology, 117-134.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1996). Direct visual access is the only way to access the Chinese mental lexicon. In G. W. Cottrell (Ed.) Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp.714-719). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Marslen-Wilson, W., Ford, M., Older, L., & Zhou, X. (1996). The combinatorial lexicon: Affixes as processing structures. In G. W. Cottrell (Ed.) Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp.223-227). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1995). Morphological structure in the Chinese mental lexicon. Language and Cognitive Processes, 10, 545-600.
Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1994). Words, morphemes and syllables in the Chinese mental lexicon. Language and Cognitive Processes, 9, 393-422.
Zhou, X., Ostrin, R. K., & Tyler, L. K., (1993). The noun-verb problem and Chinese aphasia: Comments on Bates et al. (1991). Brian and Language, 45, 86-93.